With proper technique and program design ideas firmly established, now we address the idea of
advanced training. More specifically, how can you modify the way you execute your sets of a specific
exercise (or grouping of exercises) in order to increase the intensity of your training. Since this topic
is addressed in detail in the “Scientific Principles of Athletic Training” textbook—which is also a part
of the CORFIT International Curriculum Textbook series—we will present in what follows two
chapters from “Scientific Principles of Athletic Training”:
- Advanced Training—Phase I
- Advanced Training—Phase II

Incline Pyramiding
Pyramiding is a training approach that allows for the safe escalation of resistance through small
increment increases. Following the preparatory warm-up phase, an auxiliary warm-up is added and
then a series of escalations follow until the high-end set load is reached. The general application is
one that sees the repetitions decreased as the resistance is increased. Usually pyramid training would
involve several sets (5 or more) in order to promote muscle stamina and to provide a maximal
“pump” into the muscle. Incline pyramiding however is generally reserved for the mass-mover exercise
inventory.

Consistent Increment Approach
The consistent increment schematic applied in establishing a high-end set load of 205 pounds
might appear as follows:

You will note the consistency of increment increase of twenty pounds until the last increment increase
of ten pounds. The small increment loading prepares the involved muscles for the impending
task ahead. The smaller increment increase to the top-end set load is to further accommodate the
requirement for safety in escalating to the high-end set.

Descending Increment Approach
There are several approached that can be taken with reference to pyramiding. Many trainees advocate
the descending increment schematic. With the objective of a high-end set load of 220 pounds,
the format might appear as follows:

Benefits Associated With Incline Pyramiding
The major benefit associated to incline pyramiding is that it provides an opportunity for trainees
to safely, and effectively increase the amount of resistance they will be working with. Increasing
weight represents the cornerstone principle of weight resistance training; the “progressive resistance”
or “overload” principle which states: “in order to promote muscle hypertrophy (growth and development),
increased loads have to be placed upon the muscle.” Pyramid training represents the most
efficient and safest approach in order to increase loading.

Exercises Designated for Incline Pyramiding
- Legs — Leg Press (Lying or 45° Angle variations)
- Calves — Standing Calf Raise
- Chest — Bench Press (All angles)
- Back — Lat Pulldown (All variations); Seated Row (All variations)
- Triceps — Cable Pressdown ( All variations)
- Biceps — Barbell Curl

Delorme Ascending-strength Pyramid
A variation of the incline pyramid is featured with the explanation of the Delorme Ascending
Strength Pyrmaid. The Delorme Ascending-Strength Pyramid approach works right in synch with the
recommended warm-up (pyramid design) with the exception that a single (one) high-end set load
application is employed. The rep-count is established at 10 for each set. This of course, is in contrast,
to the normally applied three high-end-set-load applications (and the descending-rep-count application
10-9-8). The Delorme Ascending Strength Pyramid utilizes a similar 50% -75%- 100% reference
to High-End-Set-Load (or “Working-Set”) applications as outlined in the CORFIT training program
schematic. The single High-End-Set-Load or “Working Set” is seen to serve two purposes:
- It does not tire the trainee with the single max-effort set
- It allows for maximum growth potential because of maximal taxation for a non-extended period.
This would be an example of the “get-in and get-out quick” scheme of the muscle strengthgaining
philosophy. Note; other rep-count applications can be employed with the Delorme Ascending-
Strength Pyramid application. The considerations here would include training goals (re; training
categories; powerlifting, strength training, strength-endurance training.

Note: the 10 reps in sets 1 and 2 are established at 10 reps-max applications to preserve energy
for the final 10 rep max-load set. Another highly-motivating aspect to the 1 HESL application
theory, is that research appears to support the concept that a single max-effort set is superior to multiple
or zero HESL sets.

Decline Pyramiding
Another form of pyramid training is discovered with a decline pyramid application. In this approach
the trainee escalates to the high-end set load and then reduces the load with each succeeding
set. The purpose of decline pyramiding is to provide the muscle with an opportunity to work over a
longer duration which produces an enhanced growth and development effect due to the longer motor-
unit recruitment period associated with decline pyramid applications.
However, this is not the only approach to a decline pyramid. Three other applications of the decline
pyramid are as follows:

- Consistent Rep Count Application;
- Descending Rep Count Application;
- Ascending Rep Count Application.

Consistent Rep-count Application

With the Consistent Rep Count application the increment drop is greater at the early stages of
the schematic and gradually decreased as the strip-set continues (20-10-5 lbs.). You will note that the
increment differential is provided so as to allow for a consistent number of repetitions to be performed.
There are a number of problems associated with this approach:
- The consideration for maintaining a consistent number of repetitions necessitates a large drop in
weight with each stage of the decline pyramid which reduces the effectiveness of the decline pyramid
application.
- The constant level of repetitions (established at 10 in this instance) creates a risk of burning the
muscle due to the high overall number of repetitions that will be performed.
- It takes a great deal of concentration in order to perform a consistent rep-count for each stage of
the decline pyramid. There is a strong tendency to incorporate “cheat moves” into the decline
pyramid application. It is advised that the trainee gain experience in weight-training in general before
attempting to perform consistent high rep-count decline pyramiding. The beginning weighttraining
student would be best advised to avert this approach for the Descending Rep Count
Application.

Descending Rep-count Application

With the Descending Rep Count application, the combination of reduced resistance and reduced-
reps work in harmony to promote the safe, efficient performance of the strip-set training application.
With this approach, the trainee begins with a high rep-count and gradually reduces the
number of reps as the strip-set progresses. The weight that is applied initially is one that allows for a
confident handling of the load. The descending rep-count serves the additional purposes of allowing
for a reduced number of over all repetitions which helps to avoid the risk of “burning” the muscle.
The reduction in reps allows for greater concentration to be exerted for each rep of each stage of the
decline pyramid application. Because of the above-mentioned factors, this approach represents the
ideal manner in which the beginning weight-training student can be introduced to decline pyramiding.

Ascending Rep-count Application

The Ascending Rep Count represents a true decline pyramid as it was defined above. Because
there are fewer reps performed in the early stages of the pyramid, there is sufficient muscle stamina
(as well as strength) to warrant an escalation of the rep-count as the strip-set progresses. It is important
that the trainee maintain a high-level of concentration however, in effort to avoid committing
errors in execution that could easily lead to injury and at best, significantly reduce the effectiveness of
the decline pyramid.

Benefits Associated with Decline Pyramiding
Decline pyramiding provide for a resultant increase in muscle stamina which is highly beneficial
to the trainee whose objective is to continuously apply the progressive resistance principle. Increased
muscle stamina means that the muscle’s fatigue point is extended past previous levels which allow for
the muscle to continue recruiting motor-units past the previous point of failure. If the muscle is able
to sustain motor-unit recruitment longer (and thus provide for a longer contraction duration), the
trainee is able to work with increased loads in a more effective manner.

Benefit of Muscle Stamina in Heavy Loading
When maximum loading is utilized there is a corresponding slowing effect upon the speed of the
movement application. When the burden of the load threatens to overcome the muscle there is a
increased slowing of the movement that results in the weight almost coming to a halt. The muscle’s
affinity for motor-unit recruitment is virtually exhausted. By being able to sustain the process of motor-
unit recruitment past the previous point of exhaustion as a result of the training effects resulting
from sustained-sets training permitted by a constant reducing of the load; (as found in decline pyramiding),
the trainee is able to continue past previous points of muscle exhaustion.

Enhanced Growth and Development Potential
By being able to complete a repetition that would not have otherwise been possible (or perhaps
adding additional reps to the set), allows for enhanced growth and development potential.
In this way decline pyramiding provides more than just an effect of red fiber stimulation (muscle
stamina) but is able to promote a training effect on the muscles white fibers (increased muscle hyper
trophy).

Many Variations of Schematic Possible
Many approaches are possible. Some trainees prefer to retain a constant increment reduction
while others will stagger the reduction. Other trainees retain a constant increment reduction while
maintaining a set number of repetitions. You may want to experiment with several decline pyramid
applications in quest of the one most congruent with your muscle response.

Not Recommended for Squatting
It should be noted that decline pyramiding would be advised against for beginning weight training
students as there is a high risk of injury associated with frequent-set/continuous training applications.
There is a rigid requirement of strong neural impulsing with associated with decline pyramiding
and strip-set training and the slightest wavering of concentration would result in flawed technique
which could easily invoke injury. It would be much more advisable to utilize decline pyramid applications
for the leg press movements as the injury-risk factor is greatly reduced.

Not Recommended for Shoulder Training
Decline pyramiding is also considered too risky for shoulder training. The shoulders are a highlysusceptible
region due to the weak construction of the joint. Ligaments and tendons, as well as the
muscles can easily become damaged if any lack of concentration is experienced by the trainee. Beginning
weight-training students would best be served by utilizing conventional training applications on
this highly-vulnerable area of the shoulders.

Exercises Designated for Decline Pyramiding
- Legs — Leg Press (Lying or 45° Angle variations)
- Calves — Standing Calf Raise
- Chest — Bench Press (All angles)
- Back — Lat Pulldown (All variations); Seated Row (All variations)
- Triceps — Cable Pressdown ( All variations)
- Biceps — Barbell Curl

Oxford Descending Pyramid
A variation on the decline pyramid is featured with the explanation of the Oxford Descending
Pyramid model. The so-deemed Oxford Descending Pyramid is a reversal of form as that which is
seen in the Delorme Ascending Pyramid model. The emphasis in the Oxford System is on maintaining
a High-End-Set-Load rep-count of 10 with a slight reduction in the amount of resistance employed.
This differs from the generally-applied or Classic Decline Pyramid schema which sees a reduction
in weight but at a sufficient amount to allow for increased rep-counts to be applied with each
set. Please see Decline Pyramid under Advanced Training Applications.

Specific Application
The Oxford system provides for a consistent rep-count (10) application with a slight reduction in
weight. This is to encourage a consistent Training-to-Failure formula. Two light-resistance warm-up
sets are allowed (assuming an escalation of the two is put into effect). The resistance as well as the
rep count is not taken to any exhaustive level. This approach is taken to allow for the muscle to be
fatigue-free at the commencement of the Descending Pyramid application. Every set is geared for 10
reps, and the minimum amount of weight should be removed with the emphasis placed on maintaining
the established 10-rep-to-failure set.

Let’s assume your goal is a HESL of 200 lbs for the first set of the bench press exercise, the Oxford
Descending Pyramid would be applied as follows (note that the warm-up is not established under
specific application only as a somewhat vague reference to 2 light warm-up sets. We have suggested
the warm-up configuration as to the recommended percentages and accompanying repcounts):

More sets can be added, but three sets is considered ample; as the three working sets model is instituted.
You will notice very little drop is seen with the resistance. This is done with an eye to the
idea that 3 x 10 reps is what many trainees set up for themselves as such it is assumed that the trainee
has a chance to complete three sets of ten reps. However, to encourage absolute perfection as well as
failure a short drop is established. You want to add to the amount of resistance decrease.
Note as well, the reference to 100% of ten rep-max refers to the 10-rep max relative to the particular
set that you are doing. It does not (or at least it should not) refer to the original 10-rep-max set
resistance to open the workout. This means that whenever the weight is reduced it is only reduced
enough to still allow for 10 reps (to failure) rather than to accommodate a goal of increasing the reps.
In other words, 100% HESL. refers to the fact that the weight for that set was selected to ensure that
no more than 10 reps are performed. This point was established above but I thought it was worth
repeating. Sometimes it is a little tricky filling in the blanks (as it were) for many of these advanced
training models as we are often left to speculate exactly what the point of the exercise and the actual
application of the exercise really is!

The concept of always going to failure with a 10-rep set is important in that it creates opportunity
for muscle growth. Muscle failure dictates that there will be a release of Growth Hormone (GH)
and Insulin-like Growth-factor 1. As we have learned (see Performance Nutrition, for detailed analysis).
Both of these hormones provide major stimulation for muscle growth. Once again, a time frame
(2-4 weeks) should be put on this advanced training model as a safeguard against falling into the
going-to-the-well-too-often syndrome. After all you do not have to abandon it for life you can always
come back to it. However, there are more programs to consider let us press on.

Combo Pyramiding
Decline pyramiding is often implemented in conjunction with an incline pyramid application.
This is deemed in Combo Pyramiding. However, due to the time constraints it is recommended that
the trainee escalate to a determined high-end set load by virtue of three escalations as opposed to the
recommended five set application noted above in a pure incline pyramid and then perform a three
descents as opposed to the five set application in a pure decline pyramid.

Reduced High-end Set Load as Safety Measure
The high-end set load should therefore be set below (approximately 25%) below the highest
possible high-end set load capability in order to reduce the risk of injury. The students should not
express alarm that the muscles will be deprived of proper attention as they will be extremely taxed
during the decline sets applications. Let us assume a trainee was able to work with a high-end set load
of 225 lbs for 6-8 repetitions. The high-end set load would be reduced to a 200 lbs high-end set load.
The applied schematic would appear as:

As was described in the previous sections on pyramiding, the combo pyramiding model can be
applied with different increments. Note however that utilizing different increment increases or decreases
on the incline portion or decline portion completely changes the taxation on the muscle and
hence the number of repetitions will have to be adjusted as a result. Refer back to the tables on decline
pyramiding to determine what kind of incremental decreases can be utilized to obtain consistent,
decreasing or increasing rep count on the decline portion of the combo pyramid.

Strip Setting
Strip-setting or “stripping” is a manner of training in which the trainee reaches the desired highend
set load (often an incline pyramid application is employed to arrive at the desired high-end set),
and then a declining-load application is applied. The declining-load application is one that sees the
trainee (following a sufficient rest period), working with a repeat set of the desired high-end set load.
When the set is completed, the trainee returns the bar and pauses only long enough to allow for the
removal of a portion of the load. Another set is immediately begun. This process is repeated until the
load is reduced to the starting weight.

The terms Strip-setting and Down-the-rack training are often referred to as Drop-setting as in
reducing (dropping) the weight. Once again the option is yours. The thinking behind our terminology
selection was based on the distinction between Strip-setting (as in stripping the plates off a bar or a
plate-loading machine) and Down-the-rack training as suggesting a reduction in resistance as in moving—
high to low—down the (dumbbell) rack or lessening the resistance by moving downward in the
denominations on the barbell rack. For purposes of correctness then we have chosen the variance in
terminology as opposed to the globally-applied “Drop-Sets” reference.

Several Approaches Possible
There may be several strip-set protocols applied. The stripping application may be performed
with small increment reductions or larger ones for fewer or greater rep counts. Remember, there is
no rest period per se, only a short pause (just long enough to reduce the weight). The student will
need to be cautious (particularly at the beginning), not to over-estimate what he/she can effectively
employ with reference to both; the amount of resistance applied, and the number of reps performed.

Strong Neural Impulsing Required
Stripping is an excellent way in which to encourage increased levels of motor-unit recruitment
but strong neural impulsing is required to provide for the safe, efficient application of this valuable
training approach. Internal and external injury risk is of concern with the utilization of strip-setting
due to the requirement of training through the lactic-acid buildup associated with continuous “repping-
out” as applied in strip-setting.

“Down-the-rack” Training
A variation of strip-setting is seen with the utilization of reduced-resistance applications with the
barbell or dumbbell racks. Generally Down-the-rack training applications are reserved for biceps
work but triceps training can be used and in the case of experienced performers, down-the-rack chest
and even shoulder routines can be employed. There are several variations that can be utilized in
down-the-rack training applications. Two standard approaches are; either a consistent rep-count or a
descending rep-count application or an increasing rep-count application. The three approaches are
outlined below.

Please note: the stipulations of 2 warm-ups + 3×10 for the Consistent Rep Count and Descending
Rep Count application and 12-10-8-6 for the Increasing Rep Count application. These stipulations
refer to the applied manner of escalation to the high-end set load. The approach taken to the
high-end set load will determine the approach that will be used for the strip-set application.

Different Applications Possible
The three application models outlined in the previous section can also be applied to strip-setting:
- Consistent Rep Count Application;
- Descending Rep Count Application;
- Ascending Rep Count Application.

Not Recommended for Squatting
It should be noted that strip-setting would be advised against for beginning weight training stu
dents as there is a high risk of injury associated with frequent-set/continuous training applications.
There is a rigid requirement of strong neural impulsing with associated with decline pyramiding and
strip-set training and the slightest wavering of concentration would result in flawed technique which
could easily invoke injury. It would be much more advisable to utilize decline pyramid and strip-set
applications for the leg press movements as the injury-risk factor is greatly reduced.

Not Recommended for Shoulder Training
Strip-setting is also considered too risky for shoulder training. The shoulders are a highlysusceptible
region due to the weak construction of the joint. Ligaments and tendons, as well as the
muscles can easily become damaged if any lack of concentration is experienced by the trainee. Beginning
weight-training students would best be served by utilizing conventional training applications on
this highly-vulnerable area of the shoulders.

Exercises Designated for Strip Setting
- Legs — Leg Press (Horizontal or 45° Angle variations)
- Calves — Standing Calf Raise
- Chest — Bench Press (All angles)
- Back — Lat Pulldown (All variations); Seated Row (All variations)
- Triceps — Cable Pressdown ( All variations)
- Biceps — Barbell Curl

Super-setting
Super-setting involves the back-to-back execution of two movements. The super-set can be applied
to either: two different body parts; or the same body part. The concept behind super-setting for
the same body part is to provide an exhaustive dual-attack upon the muscle in effort to promote
maximum motor-unit recruitment. The idea of super-setting two different body parts is to operationalize
the concept of agonist/antagonist muscle association (an explanation provided below), in
promoting growth and development. In this report an analysis of each Super-setting application will
be provided.

The terminology used for the Super-set section is based on the distinctions between Same-Body-
Part Super-Set (which is often called a Compound Set) and Different-Body-Parts Super Set. The
Compound Set reference is a good one but it was thought that the distinction between Same and
Different offered an immediate categorization. As such we have structured the text accordingly. Feel
free to use the Compound Set reference if you prefer it.

Another manner of providing for a cross referenced configuration in the super-sets advanced
training application is to perform one eccentric-contraction-emphasis (stretch-reflex) exercise with a
concentric-contraction (peak contraction) exercise. It is important to address the importance of safety
with this approach. One school of though states that a cold muscle should never be stretched so
therefore the stretch-position exercise should be done after the peak contraction exercise. (This point
was covered earlier in the considerations for stretch-position exercises as a separate training applicaAdvanced
tion). The other line-of-thinking is that if the stretch-position exercise is performed following the
peak-contraction exercise the considerations for fatigue could lead to sloppy training and less muscle
response to the gravity-influenced force of the weight.

Several key points are raised by Ironman magazine Editor-in-Chief and prolific author Steve
Holman (1999). You can get even more fiber recruitment if you use stretch position movements as
one of the exercises in a super-set. Furthermore, when you put a muscle in an elongated state prior to
the (peak) contraction you can trigger a (stronger) neuromuscular response. The body senses the
(impending) danger so it recruits more fibers to contract in order to prevent injury. Research suggests
that when you perform a stretch-position exercise prior to your second set of mid-range exercise, the
myotatic (stretch) reflex conditions more fibers to fire during the mid-range movement. If stretchposition
exercises are to be used in your Super-Sets program, it is better to use them first as the exercise
for increased contraction and avoidance of injury. Holman cautions against going too heavy or
too far in the stretch-position movements. He states, Going too heavy on stretch-position exercises
can diffuse the myotatic reflex. Stay with medium weights. Note these points were raised under the
heading of Stretch-position Positions of Flexion Training presented earlier but it was decided that the
cautions deserved repeating here in the considerations for Super-Setting.

Holman also explains some of the basic benefits of super-setting with reference to the pump that
it provides for the muscles. A pump can build more capillaries in a muscle, which in turn can give it
more girth and make it more efficient at removing waste products as well as pumping in needed
growth nutrients and fuel such as (muscle) creatine. Another benefit he alludes to is the fact that
changing the pH levels of the blood as a result of muscle burn and lactic-acid release can create intense
surges in growth hormone (GH). GH is one of the recognized giants of the considered Anabolic
Hormones!

Same Body-part Application
The approach to be taken with same-body-part super-setting is to utilize two different exercise
categories. The trainee would select one mass-mover exercise and one isolation exercise. Two massmover
exercises would not prove effective in providing for maximum motor-unit recruitment within
the muscles because there would be too much of a sacrifice in the amount of resistance that would
be applied in order to permit the completion of two (back-to-back) power movements. Two isolation
movements would not be selected as the considerations for maximum loading would not be optimally
applied. The most effective approach to super-setting is then the one that allows for maximum
exertion to be placed upon the muscle without sacrificing the all-important motor-unit recruitment
component.

Benefits Attributed to Mass-mover/Isolator Combination
The mass-mover/isolator approach is seen then as the most effective manner in which to utilize
the highly-effective super-setting training application because such approach stimulates the muscle
from two perspectives. The power movement encourages maximum hypertrophy of the crosssectional
area of the muscle’s white fibers while the performance of an isolation movement immediately
following, encourages additional motor-unit recruitment which stimulates the shaping, and
contouring of the muscle.

Considerations for Variation in Super-set Exercise Combination
There are several considerations for variation of movement applications that can be utilized with
the mass-mover/isolator combination super-setting approach. These variations would include:

Variation of Hand Position
- Bench Press (Prorated Grip)
- D.B. Flye (Semi-Pronated Grip)
Variation of Movement Plane
- Bench Press (Vertical Plane)
- Cable Cross-Over (Oblique Plane)
Variation in Movement Direction
- Bench Press (Abduction—Away From The Body)
- Pec Deck (Adduction—Toward The Body)
Variation of Exercise Classification:
- Bench Press (Free Weight)
- Pec Deck (Variable-Resistance)
- Bench Press (Free Weight)
- Cable Cross (Cable/Plate-Stack)
Variation in Mass-mover/Isolator Accentuation

It is possible to apply a variation of movement accentuation with the use of both “mass-mover”
and “isolator” exercises from all three exercise classifications. It is also effective to use two movements
from a similar exercise classification. An example would be two free-weight movements (incline
bench press/supine flye); or, two variable-resistance movements (seated machine press/pec
deck). Generally, if two movements are used from the same classification they would be of the
free-weight variety. An effective approach is to utilize two different angles-of-application in the combination
selection. Let us now examine how to apply super-setting with the use of a model to outline
various combinations for; chest, triceps, and biceps.

Working Models

Chest
In this example, the “mass-mover” is a free-weight movement and the “isolator” is a variable resistance
movement.
- Bench Press (Free-Weight)
- Pec Deck (Variable Resistance)
This example is the “reverse” application that has the “mass-mover” as a variable-resistance exercise
and the “isolator” as a free-weight movement.
- Seated Press (Variable Resistance)
- Flye (Free-Weight)
In this example, movements from the same classification are outlined.
- Bench Press (Free-Weight)
- D.B. Flye/Press (Free-Weight)

Triceps
In this example, the cable classification will be brought in. In this scenario the combination
would see the “mass-mover” as free-weight movement and the “isolator” as a cable movement.
- Triceps Extensions (Free-Weight)
- Single-Arm Cable Reverse Extensions (Cable)
The reverse would see the “mass-mover” as a cable movement and the “isolator” as a freeweight
movement.
- Pressdown (Cable)
- Kickback (Free-Weight)
In this example, movements from the same clarification are outlined
- Lying Triceps Extension (Free-Weight)
- Kickback (Free-Weight)

Biceps
The working models for the biceps follow the same progression as that outlined for the triceps.
- Barbell Curl (Free-Weight)
- Single-Arm Cable Curl (Cable)
- Barbell Cable Curl (Cable)
- D.B Concentration Curl (Free-Weight)
- Barbell Curl (Free-Weight)
- D.B. Preacher Curl (Free-Weight)
The following movement tandem offers a free-weight “mass-mover” exercise and a variableresistance
“peaking” exercise.
- Barbell Curl (Free-Weight)
- Machine Preacher (Variable Resistance)

Different Body-parts Application

Agonist/Antagonist Muscle Relationship
The premise of super-setting two different but related (i.e.; biceps/triceps), body parts is based
upon the concept of the agonist/antagonist muscle relationship which is fundamental to muscle contraction.
Muscles that shorten during the concentric phase of specific exercise are called the agonists
(primary movers); for example, in a barbell curl, the biceps are agonists because they must contract in
order to cause elbow flexion. Muscles that lengthen during the concentric phase of a movement are
called the antagonists; for example, during a barbell curl, the triceps lengthen as elbow flexion occurs
and are thus the antagonists. The force relationship between the agonists and the antagonists is what
provides muscular control. When the agonist muscle group contracts to produce motion at an articulation
(joint), the antagonists relax in order to allow for a full range-of-motion to occur. This process
is called reciprocal inhibition. Without reciprocal inhibition control of movement would not be possible.

Looking for the “Pump”
Since muscle actions involve both the agonist and antagonist muscle groups, exercise combinations
that provide a reverse action of the agonists and antagonists would be effective in providing for
enhanced growth and development benefits of the muscle groups involved. Trainees who combine
agonists and antagonists muscle groups frequently marvel at the “pump” they get following such applications.

What Body Parts Go Together?
The body parts considered for agonist/antagonist super-setting combinations would be:
- Chest / Back
- Biceps / Triceps
- Quadriceps / Hamstrings
Recommended Set and Rep Combinations
Generally the application of agonist/antagonist super-setting would involve 2-3 sets of 8-10 repetitions;
however, a number of variations are possible.

Weight Selection
The consideration for weight-selection is a crucial one. The determinations are based upon the
fact that the super-set is performed to provide a variation of accentuation upon the muscle. The application
of super-setting is utilized to promote (not detract) motor-unit recruitment. If too much
weight is applied in the first movement there will be little left for the second movement. Remember,
the super-set concept is one that calls for immediate second-set applications. If too little recruitment
is applied to the muscle, the exertion and subsequent resultant effects will be minimized, thus defeating
the premise of the super-set application.

A general guideline would be to select a resistance that could be performed for 10 repetitions in
the initial movement that will not call for a drastic reduction in either the number of reps or in the
amount of weight that can be applied for 8-10 reps in the second movement. It should be realized
that even though different body parts are being worked there is relationship between the two muscle
groups (agonist/antagonist) and, as such, there will be a slight reduction in power output.
We are not machines; fatigue can set in with respect to oxygen uptake and subsequent utilization
by both the muscular and cardiovascular respiratory systems. Experimentation will provide the answer
to this question. You will notice a gradual increase in the stamina of the muscle involved after a
short indoctrination into super-setting applications.

Working Models
In our presented models, an outline of the movements that can be applied in combination for
the chest/back – biceps/triceps -quadriceps/hamstrings muscle groups will be presented for the
“Different Body-parts” super-setting application. You will note the considerations for:
- Training Mode — free-weight, cable/plate-stack, variable-resistance;
- Type of Contraction — isotonic, isokinetic;
- Exercise Classification — mass-mover, isolator, peaker;
- Type of Grip — pronated, semi-pronated, supinated;
- Angle-of-application — compatibility-of-angle frequently taken into account.

Chest/Back
There is a wide variety of exercise combinations available with the chest/back different body
parts super-setting model. The considerations outlined above will be taken into account with the presented
combinations.
- Bench Press
- Bent-over Barbell Row
- Incline Bench Press
- T-bar Row
- Decline Bench Press
- Front Lat Pulldown
- Supine D.B. Press
- Machine Seated Row
- Pec-Deck
- Single-arm Cable Row
Note the various considerations as outlined in the opening remarks preceding the list of exercise
combinations. All combinations are structured to feature a same angle-of-approach with the exception
of the fifth combination where a vertical posture is applied for the chest and a bent-over posture
is applied for the back movements. Also note that all combinations feature mass-mover exercises,
again with the exception of the fifth combination which features an isolation exercise combination.

Biceps/Triceps
In our second example there are a wide range of possibilities available for the purposes of establishing
effective exercise combinations. Once again, the student would be advised to take into account
the considerations for program design as outlined in the explanation of considerations for exercise
grouping presented above.
- Barbell Curl
- Lying Triceps Extension
- Cambered-bar Curl
- V-bar Pressdown
- Machine Preacher Curl
- Triceps Kickback
- Cable Curl
- Reverse-grip Pressdown
- Alt. D.B. Curl
- Single-arm Reverse-grip Pressdown

Quadriceps/Hamstrings
The spectrum of exercise combinations for the quadriceps and hamstrings muscle groups is
much more restricted than the list of available combinations for the preceding Chest/Back and Biceps/
Triceps body part groupings. The restriction is founded mainly on the premise that it is not
advisable to super-set the power movements for the legs due to the high injury factor associated with
such practice. The Squat/Hack-squat exercise combination would be ill-advised as would the Hacksquat/
Front Squat combination. We might consider the power movement combination of Hacksquat/
Lying Leg Press to accentuate the quadriceps and hamstrings respectively but even this combination
must be applied with care or injuries can easily result.
- Seated Leg Extension
- Lying Leg Curl
- Alt. Leg Extension
- Standing Leg Curl
- Lying Leg Press

No Set Rules-of-approach
It should be noted that there are no set rules-of-application in super-setting. The general idea
would be to provide a variation in angles movement planes and directions and a different accentuation
upon the muscle through the different contraction types. Obviously the possible combinations
are vast. That is the beauty of the pursuit of weight-resistance training; individual preferences and
muscle responses will provide the direction. Students are encouraged to experiment with various
combinations in order to discover which particular protocols work for themselves.

Note of Caution
Super-setting requires energy, stamina, and most of all; intense concentration in order to provide
for the safe, efficient application of this highly-effective training approach. Work slowly and deliberately
through both sets of the super-set combination with strong neural-impulsing and slow speedof-
contraction movement applications in effort to achieve the greatest benefit.

Body Parts Not to Super-set
It should be noted, that the exercises for the lower back, and the “mass-mover” exercises would
not be employed as a lead in for a super-set application for the legs. As well, super-setting applications
would not be utilized for the exercises for the shoulders by beginning weight-training students
as the shoulders are extremely vulnerable to injury when under duress. More experienced trainees
may apply super-set applications to their shoulder training but only with highly-concentrated execution.

Shoulder Joint Weak and Muscles Easily Fatigued
Remember the shoulder joint is a weakly-constructed joint and the muscles of the shoulder are
not very strong and fatigue easily. Both of these considerations would indicate that a high-degree of
caution is required if super-setting applications are to be utilized in the student’s shoulder training
regime.

How to Apply Super-setting for Shoulders
If super-sets are to be utilized, two pressing movements should not be employed. A pressing
movement should be followed by a raises movement. In addition, the deltoid accentuation should be
altered. The trainee would perform one pressing movement (military press) for accentuation of the
front deltoid head and then follow with a light lateral raise movement to stimulate the medial deltoid
head or a bent-over lateral raise movement to emphasize the posterior deltoid head region.
It should be made clear however that even such precautionary measures such as those outlined
above still leave the trainee vulnerable to potential injury due to the fact that the shoulders will become
fatigued with the super-set application and injury risk is prevalent in the subsequent super-set
applications.

Triple-setting or Giant-setting
We do not want to confuse you right off the bat here with the terminology. Many (in fact most)
coaches and trainers refer to a triple set as (obviously) three exercise done in a row. Programs that
call for a four-exercises-in-succession package are called Giant Sets. Because it is felt that four exercises
in succession is too demanding for both mind and muscle, we do not include a four-set configuration
to the CORFIT program portfolio. As such, we have utilized the term Giant Set in reference
to a three-in-a-row exercise package. However, we open the door for you to experiment with a
four-in-a-row package in manner of providing opportunity for the training experience. With that said
however, we suggest you train light (and with abbreviated rep counts) in effort to garner the best results
and at the same time provide for a reduced injury-risk factor. We have not included the 4-
successive exercise Giant Sets here as we simply do not want to go into an area we feel we should not
tread. With that out of the way, we shall press on.

The concept behind super-setting is fundamentally repeated with the utilization of giant-setting.
However, giant-setting calls for three movements for the same muscle group to be performed rather
than two. The considerations for varied accentuation to be exerted upon the muscle in order to promote
muscle hypertrophy and stamina in creating a sharply-defined muscular structure remain consistent.
In addition, the premise of utilizing a varied attack upon the muscles is also repeated with
considerations for a variation of:
- Training Mode — free-weight, cable/plate-stack, variable-resistance;
- Type of Contraction — isotonic, isokinetic;
- Exercise Classification — mass-mover, isolator, peaker;
- Type of Grip — pronated, semi-pronated, supinated;
- Angle-of-application — compatibility-of-angle frequently taken into account.

Students should refer to the presented chart in the preceding section on super-setting in order to
re-establish the proper exercise selection. For purposes of outlining the approaches to take with respect
to giant-setting we shall present a working model for chest, triceps and biceps program schematics.

Working Models

Chest
- Incline Bench Press (Mass-Mover, Free-Weight)
- Supine Flye/Press (Isolator, Free-Weight )
- Pec Deck (Peaker, Variable-Resistance)
- Decline Bench Press (Mass-Mover, Free-Weight)
- Pec Deck (Peaker, Variable-Resistance)
- Supine Flye (Peaker, Free-Weight)

Note the variance in program design of the first model and the second model. The giant set
should include one mass-mover and two other movements either an isolator and peaker or two peakers.
You will note the movement variance provides for a different hand position and angle-of application
as well as a different exercise category and classification. These considerations should be addressed
throughout the giant-set program design.

Triceps
- Lying Triceps Extension (Mass-Mover, Free-Weight)
- Angle-Bar Pressdown (Isolator, Cable)
- Triceps kickback (Peaker, Free-Weight)
- Straight-Bar Pressdown (Mass-Mover, Cable)
- Dumbbell Extension (Isolator, Free-weight)
- Single-Arm Cable Extensions (Peaker, Cable)

You will note an absence of a variable-resistance movement in this model. This is due to the fact
that we have not included a variable-resistance triceps movement in the Additional Exercises list as
most fitness centers do not provide such a machine. If your facility has variable resistance machinery
for triceps training then you may want to include a variable resistance movement in the giant-set trio.

Biceps
- Barbell Curl (Mass-Mover, Free-Weight)
- Alternate Dumbbell Curl (Isolator, Free-Weight)
- Single-Arm Cable Curl (Peaker, Cable)
- Double-Arm Cable Curl (Mass-Mover, Cable)
- Preacher Curl Machine (Isolator, Variable-Resistance)
- Concentration Curl (Peaker, Free-Weight)

Negative Training (“Negatives”)
The concept of negative-training is to accentuate the eccentric contraction phase of the movement
in effort to promote muscle growth. Negative-training provides an effective manner in which
to promote strength and stamina increases in the stronger (40%) eccentric contraction phase of the
movement. Negative-training is seen as highly-beneficial in that the eccentric contraction phase of
the movement is frequently applied with less than optimum concentration by many aspiring trainees.
By focusing upon the often-overlooked eccentric contraction phase, the student is able to implement
a most effective training application into his/her regime.

Proper Application
Negative-training applications are best utilized with the aid of the training partner as they involve
the slow speed-of-contraction applications in the lowering of the weight. The approach to negatives
is one that sees the trainee escalate to a high-end set-load by virtue of pyramiding and then perform
three additional sets with the high-end set load by virtue of exaggerated slow-speed-of-contraction
applications in the negative (eccentric) phase of the movement. The movement application is applied
over a 7-10 second time span depending upon the exercise and the desired “negative” accentuation.
If the movement begins to move too quickly, the spotter can assist in slowing down the speed-of
contraction in the eccentric phase.

High-end Set Loading
Negative-training can also be utilized in providing for additional loading. In this application, the
trainee advances beyond the normal high-end-set load by virtue of spotter-assisted escalation to a
weight that is heavier than can be applied without spotting support. This is possible because of the
fact that muscle is stronger in the eccentric phase than it is in the concentric phase. The new plateau
is considered then a high-end set plus-load. The weight is lowered by the trainee with no assistance
from the spotter, and then the spotter would assist the trainee during the concentric phase of the
movement. It is essential that the trainee maintain proper form throughout the movement application
in order to reduce the risk of injury. Remember, despite being stronger in the eccentric contraction
phase of the lift an astonishing 80% of muscular-related injuries occur during this phase of the
movement application. The high injury rate would indicate that less than maximum concentration is
devoted to the eccentric contraction phase of the movement.

Negative-training Applied to Mass-movers
Generally negative-training is applied to the “mass-mover” exercises as the barbell applications allow
for a more readily-facilitated balance factor which provides a measure of reduced injury-risk. There
are certain “isolation” movements that can also be utilized for negative-training applications and they
can be incorporated into the student’s program following the initiation into negative-training. Movements
that would be utilized in negative-training applications are presented below.

Exercises to Be Utilized In Negative-training
- Legs — Leg Press (Horizontal or 45° Angle), Leg Extension, Leg Curl
- Chest — Bench Press (All Angles)
- Back — Pulldown (All Applications), Seated Row (All Applications)
- Shoulders — Military Press, Lateral Raise
- Triceps — Pressdowns (All Applications), Lying Extension
- Biceps — Barbell Curl
- Trapezius — Barbell Shrugs, Dumbbell Shrugs
- Calves — Standing Calf Raise, Donkey Calf Raise

Several other movements can be utilized in a negative-training application; however, it is suggested
that the “mass-mover” exercise inventory be utilized at the outset. The high-end set plus-load
negative-training application should not be used at this time. Isolation exercises can be used later for
negative-training applications. Examples of isolation exercises that can be applied are: Dumbbell
Chest Presses, Alternate Dumbbell Curl. The Alternate D.B. Curl movement is suggested in the latter
part of the program. The Dumbell Chest presses are considered too risky at this time and are left out
of the presented portfolio of negative-training movements. The D.B. Shoulder Press inventory is also
discarded and is not recommended due to the high-risk factory associated with the dumbbell shoulder
pressing movements.

Circuit Training: Analyzing the Pros and Cons
One of the most popular advents to appear on the fitness agenda of many erstwhile athletes was
that which was thought to produce a dual-pronged training benefit. Circuit training became the craze
of the eighties as many coaches and trainers thought that the application of a training concept that
was considered to be beneficial from both an aerobic and anaerobic perspective would prove to be
highly valuable for both aerobics athletes and weight-training enthusiasts alike.

The concept of circuit training is to have the athlete perform a series of exercises (the program
was usually designed to work the entire muscular system) without resting between exercises. The
workout regime would include a single set for each of the exercises selected in the program to be
performed without rest. The trainee was encouraged to move from one training station to another as
quickly as possible. This approach was taken to encourage the trainee to maintain an elevated heart
rate while working the entire muscular structure. It was proposed that by working the entire muscular
system, the trainee would gain the normally-attributed advantages associated with weight resistance
training while providing for additional benefits associated with aerobic capacity enhancement.

Trying to Kill Two Birds with One Stone
The problems associated with the concept of providing for a dual-pronged benefit are found in
the premise that while attempting to gain a double advantage, the reality is that the trainee is actually
reducing both benefits. That is, the application of trying to kill-two-birds-with-one-stone will actually
serve to only wound them both. For a true killer workout for each of aerobic and anaerobic training
applications it would be necessary to provide for a separate and distinct training application for each
training mode This approach would have the athlete applying an anaerobic training regime and an
aerobic training regime separately. With separate training utilized, the trainee would then be able to
realize the full potential of both anaerobic and aerobic training Why then, would anyone want to
yield the benefits of maximum aerobic and anaerobic training potential?

Enhanced Anaerobic and Aerobic Performance Proposed
The answer lies in the fact that many erstwhile coaches have their athletes working under the belief
that addressing the issue of providing for both anaerobic (strength gain) and aerobic (cardiovascular
fitness improvement) will provide the athlete with his/her optimum opportunity for enhanced
fitness level. Such is not the case as neither optimum strength nor maximum aerobic capacity enhancement
can be achieved with circuit training.

Insufficient Recovery Period
With the trainee moving rapidly from one station to another in haste dictates that insufficient
time is allotted to provide for optimal recovery before the next series of exercises is performed.
Without sufficient rest period allocation, anaerobic production is reduced. As well, by moving from
one body part to another there is insufficient preparation awarded in effort to promote the highest
intensity component for the all-important mind/muscle connection in the training. By not providing
for maximum levels of mind/muscle recruitment, the potential for anaerobic training benefit is lost!
In addition, without the maximal mind/muscle recruitment, the trainee is exposed to increased injury
potential.

Increased Injury Risk
With shortened rest period allotment, resulting in increased lactic-acid build-and with less oxygen
available and a fatigue factor already setting in, the trainee is exposed to increased injury potential! An
ally by design, the beneficial considerations for circuit training are exposed as more risk than reward
with regard to injury potential. With reference made to anaerobic training it can be easily seen that
muscle growth and development (and the resulting strength and power) will be greatly reduced as a
result of circuit training due to the inability of the trainee to provide sufficient rest and proper focus
upon the next exercise.

Reduced Aerobic Fitness Level Potential
The reduction in optimal fitness level enhancement can also be seen from an aerobic standpoint
with circuit training. Fleck et al offered that there was no significant evidence of aerobic benefit attributed
to circuit training. Other studies have shown that there might be a 4-8% cardio fitness improvement
as a result of circuit training but these figures pale in comparison to the suggested increase
in aerobic fitness as gained through task-specific aerobic (cardio) training. Figures here can
vary dramatically from a low of 15-20% (in general) gain to amazing numbers of several hundred
percentage points above previous cardio fitness levels!

Clearly, it would be advisable that the trainee focus on each training application in order to gain
the most out of each training venue.

Circuit Training Applications
The primary purpose of circuit training appears to be one that is centered upon improving one’s
aerobic fitness capacity first with an added rider of also improving one’s strength and power. Interestingly,
for those aerobic athletes who would otherwise not consider weight resistance training, the
circuit training application provides an application beyond that which was previously employed. In
this regard, the circuit application can be seen as an added benefit. However, when it is considered
that with proper direction and coaching, the aerobic athlete who is guided toward a distinct training
philosophy, would enjoy a major edge over the athlete who applies only a circuit training approach to
his/her training. That is he/she would train specifically with an aerobic regime and then apply an
anaerobic (weight resistance) training program. Task specific training would provide an advantage for
the athlete over his/her counterpart who utilizes a circuit training program into his/her regime. With
this point “hammered home” we shall now examine the various aspects of circuit training

Various Approaches Available
The basic approach to circuit training is to design a program that includes one exercise for each
body part and to complete a series. As one advances in their circuit training additional sets and Exercises
can be employed.

Other Circuit training applications actually include weight resistance training exercises that are
sprinkled in with cardio bouts of exercises such as a short (2-5 minutes) sprint on the bike between
additional circuit training applications. That is, the trainee would complete a set of exercises for
his/her circuit then right the bike and then come back for a second and/or third set. Many combinations
are obviously possible here. Another advent of circuit training would see the trainee performing
a series of exercise between weight training sets. For example between the bench press and the lat
pulldown exercises the trainee performs a series of lunges or jumping jacks or push-ups, etcetera.
Obviously the variance is potentially endless.

The weight training sets can be performed for any number of repetitions. Generally 15-20 reps
are employed for those sessions focussing on cardio accentuation in the weight training application
all the way down to 10 repetitions. More than 20 repetitions are not suggested as injuries can be invited
with lengthy (high rep-count) sets. (Although many coaches and athletes advocate the employment
of 25-30 reps in their circuit training program in order to add intensity to the circuit. Less than
10 reps sets are not generally used as this would be more suited for separate anaerobic (weight resistance
training applications).

Fundamental Premise of Circuit Training
The fundamental premise associated with circuit training is to provide for an elevated heart rate
throughout the training session. The key consideration of circuit training therefore can actually be
addressed without the trainee being forced to incur the normally associated evils of circuit training!
For example: It would be much more advisable for the trainee to perform a series of exercise on the
same body part with exactly the same exercise for three sets. The key here is that with a short rest
period the heart rate will stay elevated. The added benefit is that the trainee can focus on what
he/she is doing by main training a strong mind/muscle connection. Without having to switch training
areas and without having to reprocess the neural impulse signaling to other parts of the body, the
trainee can focus on the body part being worked before moving on the next exercise. This approach
would provide for the all-important heart rate elevation while providing for increased safety (by remaining
focused with a high degree of mind/muscle activity.

As well, an additional benefit would be seen in the fact that increased muscle hypertrophy can be
realized through this type of circuit training as opposed to the conventional application. By staying
on one body part, and remaining highly-focused, the athlete can employ higher intensity into the
weight training aspects of the circuit training application. The aerobic benefits would not be sacrificed
while the anaerobic benefit (muscle growth and development) would be greatly enhanced. Remember
however, that whenever a circuit training application is employed there is no avoiding the
fact that you are trying to kill two birds with one stone and that is never as effective as training your
sights on each target individually!

With that said there is one circuit training application that I often enjoy implementing into my
workout. (You see even if you are from the counter point side of the debate there is always a way to
get involved in one can be a beneficial approach to training. It is an effective measure for testing ourselves
on our general fitness level. It may not allow us to run faster or longer or to ride the bike or
apply out rowing workout any better. But you cannot say irrevocably -that it will not help at all. In
addition, from an intangible perspective (particularly if your workouts are getting stale or you have
trouble getting up for the workout) it can inject a major training boost psychologically as well as physiologically!

Safe, Effective and Fun Circuit Applications
If you truly want to test your ability to increase your heart rate while performing full bore weighttraining
applications try this one. It is safe and it is demanding (thus potentially highly beneficial). It is
also simple. You do not have to run all over the gym to do it!

Perform a series of back-to back applications of leg press and bench press. The leg press and
bench press combination was selected on the basis that both exercises involve all of the major muscles
of the lower and upper body. As such, they are demanding exercises that require a great amount
of oxygen! Start with a weight that you could perform 20 times and bang out 15 reps on leg press.
Then move to the bench press and do the same thing. This is done following an initiation warm-up
on both exercises. (Hopefully the two stations are close together in your gym so that you do not have
to run or you do not waste too much time getting to the next station.) The following set would have
the trainee adding a little weight. This added set can be viewed as the main stream set to be used
throughout the entire series of exercise. Once again many applications can be employed here.

In the beginning stages it would be advised that the trainee not attempt to add more weight for
the sets but to stay with a same-weight application throughout the routine. The routine can be established
as 5 sets all the way up to 10-12 or even 15 sets. One approach might be to perform a series of
five sets for three workouts and then build up to 8 sets for the workout. Then added groups of 5 sets
can be employed and then repeated three times for a total of 15 sets. Have fun—all of it can prove to
be beneficial. Remember, do not train this way at the exclusion of the standard leg and chest training
or you will suffer the pitfalls of circuit training as outlined throughout this report. This approach to
circuit training will provide for the desired elevated heart rate (you betcha!) and will allow for full
concentration on the exercises at hand. Interestingly, as outlined earlier it can be an effective motivator
for the athlete. Nothing brings out the best in us like a challenge. One that is sensible logical and
beneficial! It can be noted additional exercises can be thrown in to the mix. Perhaps a back exercise
could be added to the routine to hit both the muscles and the cardio vascular and cardio respiratory
systems system even harder!

Concentration
It is important to remember with this application that high concentration is required in all training
applications particularly during multiple set applications as seen with our version of the circuit.
The term circuit is used here in somewhat of a jesting as obviously it is not a circuit but the point
being made is that it is not the circuit that is important but the concept of applying an anaerobic
workout while main training an elevated heart rate. This can be actually best accomplished by emAdvanced
ploying those exercises that demand the greatest amount of oxygen. Therefore it is not the circuit
that is vital in circuit training, but rather, it is the factors related to oxygen uptake, delivery and subsequent
utilization during an anaerobic exercise that is of paramount concern!

Note: Please remember to apply full range-of-motion, and slow speed of contraction movement
applications throughout the workout. No hurried or herky-jerky applications here please!